He presented a paper titled "Aesthetic Morality". Oscar Wilde, in full Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde, (born October 16, 1854, Dublin, Irelanddied November 30, 1900, Paris, France), Irish wit, poet, and dramatist whose reputation rests on his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), and on his comic masterpieces Lady Windermeres Fan (1892) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). Pity's long-broken urn, Dramaturgy, Mainstage, The Picture of Dorian Gray . [25] During a resurgent interest in Freemasonry in his third year, he commented he "would be awfully sorry to give it up if I secede from the Protestant Heresy". the daisies grow", Wilde left Portora with a royal scholarship to read classics at Trinity College, Dublin, from 1871 to 1874,[17] sharing rooms with his older brother Willie Wilde. [136], The play, now considered Wilde's masterpiece, was rapidly written in Wilde's artistic maturity in late 1894. [34] Pater argued that man's sensibility to beauty should be refined above all else, and that each moment should be felt to its fullest extent. Oscar Wilde was a noted Irish playwright, novelist, poet and essayist, born in the middle of the nineteenth century into an intellectual family. Robbie Ross arrived on 29 November, sent for a priest, and Wilde was conditionally baptised into the Catholic Church by Fr Cuthbert Dunne, a Passionist priest from Dublin,[200][201] Wilde having been baptised in the Church of Ireland and having moreover a recollection of Catholic baptism as a child, a fact later attested to by the minister of the sacrament, Fr Lawrence Fox. He was not allowed to send it, but was permitted to take it with him when released from prison. When Gray, who has a "face like ivory and rose leaves", sees his finished portrait, he breaks down. It moves from an objective story-telling to symbolic identification with the prisoners. At the High Court in London in April 1913 Douglas lost the libel action after a reading of De Profundis refuted his claims. Updates? [149], The trial opened at the Old Bailey on 3 April 1895 before Justice Richard Henn Collins amid scenes of near hysteria both in the press and the public galleries. [119], Wilde, who had first set out to irritate Victorian society with his dress and talking points, then outrage it with Dorian Gray, his novel of vice hidden beneath art, finally found a way to critique society on its own terms. Stern (2017):758. May 25, 2018. [95] Two of Wilde's four writings on aesthetics are dialogues: though Wilde had evolved professionally from lecturer to writer, he retained an oral tradition of sorts. Editor's note: Today (Oct 16) would have been Oscar Wilde's 166th birthday!While Wilde was born in Dublin, Ireland, he is undoubtedly a giant of the English language and a literary legend to be celebrated. He immediately wrote to the Society of Jesus requesting a six-month Catholic retreat; when the request was denied, Wilde wept. For what it seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine. Discover Oscar Wilde famous and rare quotes. [31] Wilde was once physically attacked by a group of four fellow students, and dealt with them single-handedly, surprising critics. Oscar Wilde's unconventional life began with an equally unconventional family. Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin on 16 October 1854 to Sir William Wilde and his wife Jane. In 2000, Leon Johnson, a multimedia artist, installed a silver prosthesis to replace them. He was a spokesman for the late 19th-century Aesthetic movement in England, which advocated art for arts sake, and he was the object of celebrated civil and criminal suits involving homosexuality and ending in his imprisonment (189597). At the turn of the 1890s, he refined his ideas about the supremacy of art in a series of dialogues and essays, and incorporated themes of decadence, duplicity, and beauty into what would be his only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890). Wilde reputedly told a customs officer that "I have nothing to declare except my genius", although the first recording of this remark was many years later, and Wilde's best lines were often quoted immediately in the press. Wilde juxtaposes the executed man and himself with the line "Yet each man kills the thing he loves". At the same time, he stressed that the government most amenable to artists was no government at all. Between January and March 1897 Wilde wrote a 50,000-word letter to Douglas. [196] On 12 October 1900 he sent a telegram to Ross: "Terribly weak. [54][55] Biographer Richard Ellmann argues that Wilde's poem "Hlas!" No man does. [65][note 3], In London, he had been introduced in 1881 to Constance Lloyd, daughter of Horace Lloyd, a wealthy Queen's Counsel, and his wife. ', and 'To live is the rarest thing in the world. This response was counter-productive in a legal sense as it only served to reinforce the charges of homosexual behaviour. I don't know what to do." Wilde though, not content with being better known than ever in London, returned to Paris in October 1891, this time as a respected writer. '"[40] Though his press reception was hostile, Wilde was well received in diverse settings across America; he drank whiskey with miners in Leadville, Colorado, and was fted at the most fashionable salons in many cities he visited. Wilde's poem "Requiescat" is written to her memory. "I am sure", Turner replied, "that you must have been the life and soul of the party. [69][70] Although Constance had an annual allowance of 250, which was generous for a young woman (equivalent to about 26,300 in current value), the Wildes had relatively luxurious tastes. On Valentines Day in 1895, the most famous playwright in the English speaking world, Oscar Wilde, presented his new play, The Importance of Being Earnest, in London at St. James Theatre. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. It was bound in a rich, enamel parchment cover (embossed with gilt blossom) and printed on hand-made Dutch paper; over the next few years, Wilde presented many copies to the dignitaries and writers who received him during his lecture tours.[57]. [131] In any case, it became unique: The Chameleon was not published again. [176] Wilde requested, among others: the Bible in French; Italian and German grammars; some Ancient Greek texts, Dante's Divine Comedy, Joris-Karl Huysmans's new French novel about Christian redemption En route, and essays by St Augustine, Cardinal Newman and Walter Pater.[177]. [44] The Rise of Historical Criticism was his submission for the Chancellor's Essay prize of 1879, which, though no longer a student, he was still eligible to enter. "We are dining on the Duchess tonight", Wilde would declare before taking him to an expensive restaurant. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Wilde was later transferred to Londons Reading Gaol, where he remained until his release in 1897. Whilst Wilde the journalist supplied articles under the guidance of his editors, Wilde the editor was forced to learn to manipulate the literary marketplace on his own terms. [33], Wilde did not meet Walter Pater until his third year, but had been enthralled by his Studies in the History of the Renaissance, published during Wilde's final year in Trinity. During this period of apprenticeship as a writer, he published The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888), which reveals his gift for romantic allegory in the form of the fairy tale. Wilde became the sole literary signatory of George Bernard Shaw's petition for a pardon of the anarchists arrested (and later executed) after the Haymarket massacre in Chicago in 1886. According to Fox's testimony in Donahoe's Magazine in 1905, Jane Wilde would visit his chapel in Glencree, County Wicklow, for Mass and would take her sons with her. [note 4] Queensberry, who feuded regularly with his son, confronted Wilde and Lord Alfred about the nature of their relationship several times, but Wilde was able to mollify him. [32] By his third year Wilde had truly begun to develop himself and his myth, and considered his learning to be more expansive than what was within the prescribed texts. Wilde replied that he did not believe in social barriers, and simply enjoyed the society of young men. In 1884 Wilde married Constance Lloyd, daughter of a prominent Irish barrister; two children, Cyril and Vyvyan, were born, in 1885 and 1886. T-Shirts! https://shop.spreadshirt.com/biographics/Subscribe for new videos every Monday and Thursday! Premieres at St James's seemed like "brilliant parties", and the opening of The Importance of Being Earnest was no exception. Guests at their salon included Sheridan Le Fanu, Charles Lever, George Petrie, Isaac Butt, William Rowan Hamilton and Samuel Ferguson. His mother, who wrote under the name Speranza, was a revolutionary poet and an authority on Celtic myth and folklore. Both author and producer assiduously revised, prepared and rehearsed every line, scene and setting in the months before the premiere, creating a carefully constructed representation of late-Victorian society, yet simultaneously mocking it. [50], Though the book sold out its first print run of 750 copies it was not generally well received by the critics, Punch for example saying "The poet is Wilde, but his poetry's tame". Douglas and some Oxford friends founded a journal, The Chameleon, to which Wilde "sent a page of paradoxes originally destined for the Saturday Review". If Wilde was relatively indiscreet, even flamboyant, in the way he acted, Douglas was reckless in public. Edward Carson approached Frank Lockwood QC, the Solicitor General and asked "Can we not let up on the fellow now? [16], "Tread lightly, she is nearUnder the snow She had distant Italian ancestry,[1] and under the pseudonym "Speranza" (the Italian word for 'hope'), she wrote poetry for the revolutionary Young Irelanders in 1848; she was a lifelong Irish nationalist. Wilde pleaded not guilty. Richard B. Haldane, the Liberal MP and reformer, visited Wilde and had him transferred in November to Reading Gaol, 30 miles (48km) west of London[175] on 23 November 1895. [36] Ruskin despaired at the self-validating aestheticism of Pater, arguing that the importance of art lies in its potential for the betterment of society. His first success, Lady Windermeres Fan, demonstrated that this wit could revitalize the rusty machinery of French drama. Wilde envisioned a society where mechanisation has freed human effort from the burden of necessity, effort which can instead be expended on artistic creation. Please come". The story thus is an early masterpiece of Wilde's combining many elements that interested him: conversation, literature and the idea that to shed oneself of an idea one must first convince another of its truth. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 30 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright. The story of Oscar Wilde, genius, poet, playwright and the First Modern Man. In many of his works, exposure of a secret sin or indiscretion and consequent disgrace is a central design. [130] "Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young" was to come under attack six months later at Wilde's trial, where he was forced to defend the magazine to which he had sent his work. Its subject, "Historical Criticism among the Ancients" seemed ready-made for Wilde with both his skill in composition and ancient learning but he struggled to find his voice with the long, flat, scholarly style. This attitude resulted in his being rusticated for one term, after he had returned late to a college term from a trip to Greece with Mahaffy. Ruskin admired beauty, but believed it must be allied with, and applied to, moral good. Allan Aynesworth (who played Algernon) recalled to Hesketh Pearson, "In my fifty-three years of acting, I never remember a greater triumph than [that] first night. [172] In November he collapsed during chapel from illness and hunger. [140] The Importance of Being Earnest remains his most popular play.[141]. [41] Wilde was disappointed but stoic: he wrote to her, remembering "the two sweet years the sweetest years of all my youth" during which they had been close. [124] Wilde was commissioned to write two more plays and An Ideal Husband, written in 1894,[125] followed in January 1895. Addeddate 2017-01-24 21:00:18 Identifier in.ernet.dli.2015.149079 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t56f18v88 Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 Ppi 600 Scanner Internet Archive Python library 1.2.0.dev4. He is best remembered for his epigrams and plays, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, and the circumstances of his criminal conviction for gross indecency for consensual homosexual acts, imprisonment, and early death at age 46. The libel trial unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest and trial for gross indecency with men. [11] At Portora, although he was not as popular as his older brother, Oscar Wilde impressed his peers with the humorous and inventive school stories he told. [104], Reviewers immediately criticised the novel's decadence and homosexual allusions; The Daily Chronicle for example, called it "unclean", "poisonous", and "heavy with the mephitic odours of moral and spiritual putrefaction". [186] Wilde wrote two long letters to the editor of the Daily Chronicle, describing the brutal conditions of English prisons and advocating penal reform. A young Wilde learned to speak fluent French and German. [236] Modern books include Philippe Jullian's Oscar Wilde,[237] and L'affaire Oscar Wilde, ou, Du danger de laisser la justice mettre le nez dans nos draps (The Oscar Wilde Affair, or, On the Danger of Allowing Justice to put its Nose in our Sheets) by Odon Vallet, a French religious historian. Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin (now home of the Oscar Wilde Centre, Trinity College), the second of three children born to an Anglo-Irish couple: Jane, ne Elgee and Sir William Wilde. It would mean that I would always be haunted by an intolerable sense of disgrace, and that those things that are meant for me as much as for anybody else the beauty of the sun and moon, the pageant of the seasons, the music of daybreak and the silence of great nights, the rain falling through the leaves, or the dew creeping over the grass and making it silver would all be tainted for me, and lose their healing power, and their power of communicating joy. Editor of. In January 1889, The Decay of Lying: A Dialogue appeared in The Nineteenth Century, and Pen, Pencil and Poison, a satirical biography of Thomas Griffiths Wainewright, in The Fortnightly Review, edited by Wilde's friend Frank Harris. Trinity, one of the leading classical schools, placed him with scholars such as R. Y. Tyrell, Arthur Palmer, Edward Dowden and his tutor, Professor J. P. Mahaffy, who inspired his interest in Greek literature. The book only briefly mentioned Wilde's life, but subsequently Ransome (and The Times Book Club) were sued for libel by Lord Alfred Douglas. In the same year, rehearsals of his macabre play Salom, written in French and designed, as he said, to make his audience shudder by its depiction of unnatural passion, were halted by the censor because it contained biblical characters. When the church was closed, the records were moved to the nearby St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street. For other uses, see, 19th-century Irish poet, playwright and aesthete. He was arrested and ordered to stand trial. [13] He was one of only three students at Portora to win a Royal School scholarship to Trinity in 1871. The audience was packed with celebrities, aristocrats and famous politicians, eagerly awaiting another triumph from a man universally heralded as a genius. Wilde considered including this pamphlet and The Portrait of Mr. "I dreamt that I had died, and was supping with the dead!" In mid-1881, at 27 years old, he published Poems, which collected, revised and expanded his poems. [220] Frank Harris, his friend and editor, wrote a biography, Oscar Wilde: His Life and Confessions (1916); though prone to exaggeration and sometimes factually inaccurate, it offers a good literary portrait of Wilde. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles. A second society comedy, A Woman of No Importance (produced 1893), convinced the critic William Archer that Wildes plays must be taken on the very highest plane of modern English drama. In rapid succession, Wildes final plays, An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, were produced early in 1895. By Richard Ellmann's account, he was a precocious seventeen-year-old who "so young and yet so knowing, was determined to seduce Wilde". 5411 quotes from Oscar Wilde: 'Be yourself; everyone else is already taken. He was born Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde on October 16, 1854, at 21 Westland Row, Dublin, Ireland. Oscar Wildes literary reputation rests largely on his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) and on his masterful comedies of manners Lady Windermeres Fan (1892) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). While there he met Robert Sherard, whom he entertained constantly. comment. [2] Jane Wilde read the Young Irelanders' poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons. [10] He joined his brother Willie at Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, which he attended from 1864 to 1871. I am thirty-nine or forty. Soon the periodical Punch made him the satiric object of its antagonism to the Aesthetes for what was considered their unmasculine devotion to art. [158] Under the Libel Act 1843, Queensberry's acquittal rendered Wilde legally liable for the considerable expenses Queensberry had incurred in his defence, which left Wilde bankrupt. [188] No attempt is made to assess the justice of the laws which convicted them but rather the poem highlights the brutalisation of the punishment that all convicts share. "[180] Wilde blamed himself, though, for the ethical degradation of character that he allowed Douglas to bring about in him and took responsibility for his own fall, "I am here for having tried to put your father in prison. Unperturbed, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, which made him one of the most successful playwrights of late-Victorian London. He realised that his ordeal had filled his soul with the fruit of experience, however bitter it tasted at the time. Robbie Ross found Wilde at the Cadogan Hotel,[159] Pont Street, Knightsbridge, with Reginald Turner; both men advised Wilde to go at once to Dover and try to get a boat to France; his mother advised him to stay and fight. [27], Catholicism deeply appealed to him, especially its rich liturgy, and he discussed converting to it with clergy several times. [202] Fr Dunne recorded the baptism, As the voiture rolled through the dark streets that wintry night, the sad story of Oscar Wilde was in part repeated to me Robert Ross knelt by the bedside, assisting me as best he could while I administered conditional baptism, and afterwards answering the responses while I gave Extreme Unction to the prostrate man and recited the prayers for the dying. [150] Wilde's lawyer, Sir Edward George Clarke, opened the case by pre-emptively asking Wilde about two suggestive letters Wilde had written to Douglas, which the defence had in its possession. The play Oscar Wilde (1936), written by Leslie and Sewell Stokes, based on the life of Wilde, included Frank Harris as a character. He was soon introduced to a fan who had read the novel fourteen times in a row. [184] "I intend to be received into the Catholic Church before long", Wilde told a journalist who asked about his religious intentions. For Wilde, the purpose of art would be to guide life as if beauty alone were its object. Wilde was not, at first, even allowed paper and pen but Haldane eventually succeeded in allowing access to books and writing materials. [230][231] Thomas Wright's Oscar's Books (2008) explores Wilde's reading from his childhood in Dublin to his death in Paris. [135] Though trying to remain calm, Wilde saw that he was becoming ensnared in a brutal family quarrel. Learn more about Oscar Wilde and contact us today for licensing opportunities. an Anglo-Irish novelist, playwright, poet and critic, and a celebrity in late 19th century London. The only evidence for this is two supposed puns within the sonnets themselves.[89]. He wandered the boulevards alone and spent what little money he had on alcohol. [93] Ransome concludes that Wilde succeeds precisely because the literary criticism is unveiled with such a deft touch. His father was William Wilde, an ear and eye surgeon and renowned philanthropist, and his mother was Jane Wilde, a poet and writer well known for her love of neo-classicism and her Irish nationalist political leanings. [79] Increasingly sending instructions to the magazine by letter, Wilde began a new period of creative work and his own column appeared less regularly. In 2018, Matthew Sturgis' Oscar: A Life, was published in London. Within the conventions of the French well-made play (with its social intrigues and artificial devices to resolve conflict), he employed his paradoxical, epigrammatic wit to create a form of comedy new to the 19th-century English theatre. He claimed to regard the letters as works of art rather than collective disclosure '' is with! 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